The Prince and the Discourses on Livy Essay - 2137 Words

Niccolo Machiavelli was at his time and continues to be now days one of the most influential and revolutionary authors known throughout the centuries. His writings, distinct from other renaissance authors of the epoch, make emphasis on his personal views and his opinions on the political matters taking place in Florence, Italy. Further discussed in the text are two of Machiavelli’s most renowned works, The Prince and the Discourses on Livy. Both books comprehend Machiavelli’s understandings of politics and explicit analysis on the various methods of governments with respect to principalities and republics. Machiavelli had many intentions in mind when he was first writing The Prince, among which where to understand, instruct and†¦show more content†¦He argues that it if the natural prince possesses such extreme sagacity, he will always maintain himself in the state unless deprived by a superior force. Nonetheless, if the natural prince has reasons enough to irritate his subjects and causes himself to be hated, people will willingly trade him for another ruler in the hopes that the new ruler will be better than the present one. Machiavelli says that once the prince is replaced, the state is no longer to be considered a hereditary principality but be classified as a mixed principality. As Machiavelli had at first noted, new and mixed principalities are indeed much more difficult to maintain. For it is in new and mixed principalities that difficulties start to present themselves. Machiavelli states that mutations to form mixed principalities, in which men change their rulers gladl y in the belief that they will better themselves by the change, arise from a natural difficulty. Unfortunately for the people, problems for Machiavelli do not stop here, for he argues that it is â€Å"an infinite number of other wrongs that follow in the train of new conquests.† When the new prince takes over another prince’s domain, he finds himself in a delicate situation with regard to the people who put him in power and with those whom he injured by seizing that principality. He explains that the new prince has â€Å"for enemies all those whom he has injured by seizing that principality; and at the same time heShow MoreRelatedThe Prince And Discourse On Livy900 Words   |  4 Pagesfamous works, The Prince and Discourse on Livy, Machiavelli meticulously discusses the importance of religion in the formation and maintaining a political order. Machiavelli regards religion as a political tool used by political elites for political purposes. He argues that the appeara nce of religion is good while the practice of it is harmful. One of the memorable passage from the Prince that supports Machiavelli’s claim is when he advices the prince to not to be good, and the prince should cultivateRead MorePolitical Philosophy in Machiavelli’s The Prince and Discourses on Livy 725 Words   |  3 PagesMachiavelli’s The Prince coming to mind. This is one of the most notable books ever written on the topic of politics and one of the most well known books to come from the Renaissance, but it is not the only book from this time period that focused on politics. Machiavelli also wrote Discourses on Livy, which gives a very different view of the political world and Francis Bacon wrote about the reign of Henry VII. Each of these manuscripts focuses on the different traits that a prince ought to have, theirRead MoreMachiavelli and the Use of Antiquity in The Prince and The Discourses1838 Words   |  7 Pages Machiavelli and the Use of Antiquity in The Prince and The Discourses The Renaissance was a time of classical revival and a turning point from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern period in the course of history. Ancient texts and artifacts became sources of inspiration for intellectuals and artists alike, and the desire to emulate—or even surpass the achievements of the past prompted them to study antiquities closely and saw them as models and guidance. People were consciously distinguishingRead MoreEssay on Machiavelli and the Roman Empire1489 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselvesquot; in common with those from the past (Discourses 6). This seems to follow the adage that those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it, yet for Machiavelli he seems more concerned with actually emulating history in order to repeat success than looking out for particular things to avoid. For this reason, he pulls examples from an eclectic range of histories in order to demonstrate how his principles in both The Prince and the Discourses on Livy, when fol lowed, will lead to a successfulRead MoreBiography of and Principles Taught By Niccolo Machiavelli Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagestreatise The Prince, written in 1532, Machiavelli outlines several key traits of a successful princedom such as; how to incorporate newly acquired provinces, the most successful way to conquer territories, the establishment of successful defense and military forces, as well as qualities which would make for the most desirable prince. Machiavelli also brings to attention the pitfalls of previous Italian princes as to prevent the same mistakes from reoccurring. In The Discourses on Livy MachiavelliRead MoreMachiavelli’s Political Ideas and Influence1477 Words   |  6 PagesMachiavelli wrote The Prince, which explained his ideas and experiences from his time as an ambassador. The Prince was a how-to book on how to rule a country and how to conduct yourself as ruler. After Machiavelli wrote the Prince he became a chief political figure in the Medici . The Medici were a wealthy banking family that consolidated power in Florence. Machiavelli worked as a political advisor to the family until he died in 1527. Machiavelli’s discusses his ideas in The Prince. In the Prince MachiavelliRead MoreEssay about Virtà ¹ in Machiavelli’s Prince1520 Words   |  7 Pagesof modern political philosophy: The Prince. Given this image, it is incredibly ironic that the Italian word virtà ¹ and its derivatives appear no less than seventy-two times throughout the work. While the translator goes to great lengths to adapt this versatile word to the context of the situation, it is nevertheless clear that virtà ¹ is closely related to its English cognate virtue. This, along with the political nature of Machiavelli’s work, shapes the discourse about the nature of princedoms intoRead MoreAnalysis Of Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince 1625 Words   |  7 Pageshistories. His more popular works included those call the Discourses on Li vy and The Prince-which will be described further more in this paper. Unlike fellow notable Renaissance men such as Leonardo de Vinci or Michelango, Machiavelli was not an artist but through his work The Prince, he has been made well-known across the western lands. This piece of work, for which Machiavelli is famous, or infamous for writing, explains in detail what a prince(name for the leader of a state) needs to do for successfulRead MoreEssay Commanding Lady Fortune: Machiavelli’s Theory of History1637 Words   |  7 PagesCommanding Lady Fortune: Machiavelli’s Theory of History Machiavelli opens his Discourses on Livy by declaring that what will follow will be entirely revolutionary—â€Å"a path yet untrodden by anyone†Ã¢â‚¬â€but then quickly backs down from such assertions, shifting his focus away from his own efforts to the modern views of the ancients, and leaving the nature of this revolutionary undertaking ambiguous (Discourses, 5) . Indeed, the purpose of the whole work is repeatedly skirted in the preface. MachiavelliRead More Machiavellian Folly in The Prince Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavellian Folly in The Prince      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the annals of history, many individuals have contributed great works of literature, waxing philosophically on the meaning of life, death, and love.  Ã‚   Niccolo Machiavelli wrote not on love or life, but on power:   How to capture it, how to consolidate it, and how to defend it against all comers.   His work has been talked about and dissected to the extent that his subject matter and methods have earned their own moniker:   Machiavellian.   Nonetheless,

What Is The Single Most Critical Problem Facing Us Today

When I polled a few of my friends about â€Å"what is the single most critical problem facing us today?† I got a frequent response that’s not so shocking, climate change. So why climate change? Why not obesity, or population control, or education? While all of those are problems that deserve discussion, no single topic is so fundamental to us as humans as climate change. In 2007 Al Gore stated in his person of the year interview that â€Å"Today we re dumping 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the environment, and tomorrow we will dump more, and there is no effective worldwide response. Until we start sharply reducing global-warming pollution, I will feel that I have failed.† (Walsh) Perhaps the paradigm has changed. Climate change is now talked about at every level of government, in large and small businesses, and communities across the globe. It’s a topic that functions to affect our economy and our environment. Moving forward, it’s important to understand why our way of life will be affected by the way we tackle these issues surrounding climate change. Climate change is the single most important issue affecting the human race today due to its widespread impact on our survival; impacting food sources, transportation, weather, geography and other life forms on the earth. In this paper I’ll prove why food sources, transportation, weather, geography, and other life forms are so integral in the climate change discussion. For example with increasingly irregularShow MoreRelatedDeviance : Deviance And Deviance1335 Words   |  6 Pagesusual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior. There are many different forms of deviance in today s society. Something that is viewed as being deviant in one culture might be seen as normal in another. There are many different types and theories in which define deviance, however their are 3 broad categories, these 3 categories are positivist, relativist, and critical conceptions of deviance. These 3 categories are important in defining deviance because they break down devianceRead MoreClassroom Environment : A Better Understanding Of Our Schools And Our Educational System Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagescourse of this semester, we have touched on a variety of topics and themes that have allowe d me to begin to form a better understanding of the climate of our schools and our educational system today with respect to equity and diversity. Many of the core issues that teachers and students alike are currently facing are rooted outside of the school. As a pre-service teacher, I have truly begun to realize the large impact educators have on their students and school community. With passion being a drivingRead MoreEthical Issues in the Insurance Industry1326 Words   |  6 Pagesthey sold us was completely wrong for our needs and way over priced. Greed seems to play a role and being ignorant of the industry adds to the issues. Sometimes agents get incentives or â€Å"kick backs† for promoting or selling certain products. The products being offered may not even be needed by the consumer but just because it creates a bigger paycheck for the agent they pitch it to you and you buy it. In the following pages we will look at areas that have been identified as critical ethi cal issuesRead MoreImportance of Ethics in International Business1541 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Ethics in International Business Executive Summary Ethics in the business world is important and global. Ethics  indicate what is right and what is wrong in  business branches and also lead employees and stakeholders with moral values. 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Audience Motivator: Every single day we are losing 137 plants, animal and insect species due to rainforest deforestation (Rainforest Facts). Landowners and governments of the rainforest today need to be given a good economic reason not to destroy the rainforest. We need to make an economy for the sustainable resources ofRead MoreNew Technologies And Policy Instruments1399 Words   |  6 Pagesof organisations today embrace a mechanistic, monocratic view of authority. Successful sustainability leaders have the ability to keep their organisation strong-minded on accomplishing its higher objectives while instantly handling several, occasionally changeable, streams of movement. According to (Cummings and Worley 2014), discussions about what needs to be done with new technologies and policy instruments to apply-have dominated the public dialogue on sustainability. Today s business environmentRead MoreScience Denial Endangers Progress1247 Words   |  5 Pagesstill occurs today. 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Our history connects us to who we are since we are immensely shaped by it. Groups that have had their oral histories destroyed (ex. First Nations

Affordable Care Act

Question: Write an essay onAffordable Care Act. Answer: The Affordable Care Act is the federal policy that facilitates the Americans with the security for better health by upholding the insurance reforms of comprehensive health that act to expand the coverage, makes the accountability to the insurance companies, more choices are guaranteed and the quality of care gets enhanced for the Americans. This act joins the two separate legislation pieces that conjugate the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act with the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act. These two acts come together for expanding the Medicaid coverage to the Americans who belong to the category of low-income groups. The act came into existence on March 23, 2010 and represented the regulatory overhaul that is most significant to the healthcare system of the US (Huesch, Ostbye Michener, 2016). The primary physicians and the hospitals would be able to transform their practices clinically, technologically and financially for improving their methods of accessibility and distribution, lower costs and better outcomes of health. It was enacted to enhance the affordability and quality of health insurance, expand the private and public insurance coverage and thereby lowering the uninsured rate and decrease the healthcare costs for the government and the individuals (HealthCare.gov). In the health insurance marketplace, the plans are exhibited in four different categories termed as Metals. The four metal categories include Platinum, Gold, Silver and Bronze. These metals are formulated based on the splitting of the healthcare costs of the respective plans and are not associated with the quality of care. For the Bronze plan the insurance company and the beneficiary share the care costs in the ratio 60%: 40%. In the Silver plan, the share is 70% : 30%, for Gold it is 80% : 20 % and for Platinum it is 90% : 10%. From the above splitting format, it can be said that the Platinum plan gives the maximum benefit to the beneficiary and the Bronze plan offers the minimum benefits. In the Bronze Plan, the beneficiary pays the 40% of their share of total cost in the form of deductibles, coinsurance and copayments and facilitates them with low monthly premiums (Blumenthal Collins, 2014). The silver plan is a bit expensive than the Bronze plan and comes with the subsidies of c ost sharing, that significantly reduces the coinsurance, copays and deductibles. While choosing the Gold plan, the beneficiary needs to pay higher premiums and the greater portion of the healthcare expenses are borne by the health insurer. Platinum plan the most expensive one with and for using the health insurance every time, the beneficiary needs to pay the cost sharing factors (HHS.gov). The Affordable Care Act aims to provide greater access to the coverage of healthcare, improve the service quality delivered and decrease the rate of spending on health. It helps the senior Americans in several ways that have been summarized below (Medicaid.gov). Lowering the cost of the prescription drugs Annual wellness visit and preventive services Lower premiums for Medicare Part B Improvements for the members of the Medicare Advantage plans Prevention of Medicare abuse, waste and fraud Improving the payment reforms and delivery system of Medicare Helping the senior Americans with various functionalities Evidence Based Nursing Practice Table 1: List of referred journals Sl. No. Title Authors 1. Oral care in nursing practice: A pragmatic representation Croyre et al. (2012) 2. Translating evidence into nursing practice: Oral hygiene for care dependent adults: Translating evidence into oral care practices Chan et al. (2011) 3. Oral care practices for orally intubated critically ill adults Feider, Mitchell Bridges (2010) 4. Oral hygiene care in the pediatric intensive care unit: practice recommendations Johnstone, Spence Koziol-McClain (2010) 5. Association between pneumonia and oral care in nursing home residents El-Solh (2011) The research work carried out by Chan et al. (2011) with the title Translating evidence into nursing practice: Oral hygiene for care dependent adults: Translating evidence into oral care practices as found to be the best article for the nursing intervention for oral care practice. The article aimed at translating the available evidence for improving the oral care practices. This is very important from the point of view of nursing intervention as it is very important for the nurses to translate the theoretical knowledge into practice without which, the treatment and care remain ineffective or incomplete. Oral hygiene is very much necessary for the maintaining the well-being and health of the hospitalized patients. From the previous studies, the authors noted that the nurses lacked the knowledge that is evidence based for delivering proper oral care. Therefore, the authors carried out an extensive survey of the nurses who are working in the high dependency or intensive care units and f ound that a protocol for oral care is necessary to bridge the gap between the knowledge and practice. Hence, the authors successfully heightened the knowledge and awareness of the nurses on oral care and helped to provide the best intervention for the oral health of the patients. The other four articles support the findings of the research articles in different methods. The study conducted by Croyre et al. (2012) with the title Oral care in nursing practice: A pragmatic representation was an exploration of the social representation of the oral care by the nurses along with the healthcare assistants engaged in palliative care. Feider, Mitchell Bridges (2010) carried out a research work on the title Oral care practices for orally intubated critically ill adults was a descriptive and cross-sectional study for describing the practices of oral care that are performed by the critical care nurses for the patients who are critically ill and are intubated. Johnstone, Spence Koziol-McClain (2010) conducted a research study titled Oral hygiene care in the pediatric intensive care unit: practice recommendations where fourteen articles were critically appraised for the development of a PICU guideline in oral hygiene. El-Solh (2011) performed a research work on the title Association between pneumonia and oral care in nursing home residents where a review of various articles were carried out to establish the fact that there is a need for the implementation of a program for using oral hygiene as a daily routine for the settings of long-term care.The article that developed the best research design was Oral hygiene care in the pediatric intensive care unit: practice recommendations that was authored by Johnstone, Spence Koziol-McClain (2010). In this article, fourteen articles have been identified to be relevant to the oral care for the pediatric patients in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit or PICU. The research articles were critically appraised and a PICU guideline based oral hygiene was developed. The research successfully highlighted the relationship between the poor condition of oral hygiene in the ICU with an increase in the accumulation of the dental plaque, oropharyngeal bacterial colonization and increased rates of nosocomial infection that is associated with ventilator-based pneumonia. The research design included an extensive search of literature from the various academic databases like Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and The Cochrane Library. The Iowa Model was employed for gathering expert opinion, theories and case reports for permitting the protocols to be based on the best available evidence. The collected articles included randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, comparative trial, non-randomized trials and expert opinions. Six different levels were used for rating the strength and quality Croyre et al. (2012) conducted a research study titled Oral care in nursing practice: A pragmatic representation that most clearly developed the purpose and problem statement of the study among the five referred journals. The problem statement of the study stated that the oral care for the patients who are receiving the palliative care that is non-specialist lacked in several aspects. Therefore, the authors explored the social representation of the oral care by the nurses along with the healthcare assistants providing the palliative care. The purpose of the study was to describe a training program on a large scale that intended to the modification of the shared attitudes in oral care. The social representation of the healthcare assistants and the nurses was to be shared in the study that is concerned with the oral care of the patients in a palliative care setting that is non-specialist. The practices, beliefs, ideas and values of the nurses are to be shared in the study to address th e problem statement and the study will enroll two groups for attaining the purpose of the study. The two groups are control and test groups that are aimed to evaluate the change in the practice and approach of oral care to solve the associated problem in palliative care. The research work carried out by El-Solh (2011) titled Association between pneumonia and oral care in nursing home residents had the best sample size for their research problem. Pneumonia happens to be leading death cause among the residents of nursing homes. Dentures and oral surface colonization with the respiratory pathogens and the dental plaque accumulation act as reservoirs for the recurrent problem of the infections of the lower respiratory tract. For highlighting this research problem, the author conducted a systematic review of several research articles where a large number of hospital residents served as the study sample from different settings. This large variety of the sample size gave a deeper understanding of the problem as the patients were from different demographics and was selected from different study designs. The sample size of this study with its extensive variety stated that the problem of recurrent pneumonia due to poor oral Feider, Mitchell Bridges (2010) carried out a research work titled Oral care practices for orally intubated critically ill adults that made the best and most accurate conclusion from the study findings. The objective of the study was to describe the practices of oral care performed by the nurses working in the critical care facilities for the patients who are critically ill and are orally intubated. These practices are compared with the recommendations for the oral care in the manual for The five reviewed journal articles directed at one common point of improving the oral health and hygiene of the patients with the nursing intervention procedures. CDC or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention aims at similar practices through its recommendations and guidelines for promotion of the oral health, being a national guideline. It lays down the guidelines for practices of infection control in the oral cavity and lays down the federal governments objectives for improved oral health. Both the research articles and the national guidelines are synchronous and aim at a better world with improved oral health and hygiene. References Affordable Care Act | Medicaid.gov. (2016).Medicaid.gov. Retrieved 10 June 2016, from https://www.medicaid.gov/affordablecareact/affordable-care-act.html Blumenthal, D., Collins, S. R. (2014). Health care coverage under the Affordable Care Acta progress report.New England Journal of Medicine,371(3), 275-281. Chan, E. Y., Lee, Y. K., Poh, T. H., Ng, I. H. L., Prabhakaran, L. (2011). Translating evidence into nursing practice: Oral hygiene for care dependent adults: Translating evidence into oral care practices.International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare,9(2), 172-183. Croyre, N., Belloir, M., Chantler, L., McEwan, L. (2012). Oral care in nursing practice: A pragmatic representation.International Journal of Palliative Nursing,18(9), 435-440. El-Solh, A. A. (2011). Association between pneumonia and oral care in nursing home residents.Lung,189(3), 173-180. Feider, L. L., Mitchell, P., Bridges, E. (2010). Oral care practices for orally intubated critically ill adults.American Journal of Critical Care,19(2), 175-183. Huesch, M., Ostbye, T., Michener, J. L. (2016). The Affordable Care Act, State Policies and Demand for Primary Care Physicians.CESR-Schaeffer Working Paper, (2016-010). Johnstone, L., Spence, D., Koziol-McClain, J. (2010). Oral hygiene care in the pediatric intensive care unit: practice recommendations.Pediatric nursing,36(2), 85. Read the Law. (2015).HHS.gov. Retrieved 10 June 2016, from https://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-law/read-the-law/ Understanding Marketplace health insurance categories. (2016).HealthCare.gov. Retrieved 10 June 2016, from https://www.healthcare.gov/choose-a-plan/plans-categories

Surrogate Motherhood Essay Example

Surrogate Motherhood Essay This research paper is based on collection of information on the use of surrogacy in acquiring children for infertile couples, emotional, ethical, legal commercial perspectives of surrogacy and the possibility of legalizing surrogate motherhood.   A survey conducted to identify the motivation, the attitudes and feelings of surrogate mothers to surrender the child at delivery to the commissioning couples has been incorporated.   The possibility of legalizing surrogate motherhood has been detailed in the form of recommendations.Infertile couples were initially subjected to two alternatives; child adoption or live without children.   Adoption of a child is associated with some complexities ranging from the long processes of screening, requirement for paying a fee, satisfaction   of legal procedures, scarcity for children for adoption and a long waiting for the child to be adopted since the application time.   Most of the children available for adoption are either disabled, of advanced age or of a different race.   The readily available children could only be found in developing countries, whose adoption is more of child trafficking than adoption, an illegal process.   The adopted child has no single genetic trait to the parents, thus a less parental bond exists (Bonnicksen Andrea, 56).The advance in technology has brought about a solution to these problems through surrogacy.   Surrogacy refers to a situation of the agreement involving a woman to conceive a pregnancy and give birth for a commissioning couple. A more traditional form of surrogacy involves artificial insemination of the eggs of the surrogate mother with the sperm of the commissioning father rendering the surrogate mother to be a genetic and gestation mother of the child.   Surrogacy can also be conducted through InVitro Fertilization (IVF) where the surrogate mother is implanted with an embryo of the commissioning couple, rendering the surrogate mother to be a gestational mother.   If the commissioning father suffers infertility, a donated sperm can be used in IVF with the spouses’ egg to form an embryo (Sher, Geoffrey, Marrige, Virginia, Stoes Jean, 82).The entire process involves a reproduction that is assisted where by the couple who are not in a position to get a child of their own, bears one who has a biological connection to them.   The parents become legitimate parents to the child while the difficulties of adoption and adopting a child from a different race are overruled.Emotional IssuesMost surrogate mothers are guided by empathy and desire to share their inherent gift of conception and birth with their infertile commission couples.   The empathy extends to ending stigmatization in infertile couples who are downgraded for their inability to bear children.   The surrogate mothers are never hurt by surrendering the child to their commissioners and they are comfortable to relinquish the rights of the child.   Due to the need for a chil d by the commissioning parents greater warmth to the child has been evident in higher levels as compared to mothers who have brought up their children in a natural way (Wood, Carl, Westmore Ann, 148).A potential surrogate mother has to posses some unique qualities.   The mother has to withstand the following: ‘insemination, pain, unpleasant side effects, depression, steep disturbances, guilt, difficult remaining unattached to the child, intrusive or a loof couples relinquishing etc.’ (O’Nell, 157).Ethical Issues: Proponents viewsCouples hindered from getting children by infertility have the option of surrogacy.   There should be no barriers to their arrangements with willing surrogate mothers assuming that nobody is harmed by the arrangements.   The enforcement of adequate legal provisions is the requirement to the protection of the rights of the child.   Children brought up from surrogacy experience much love from their parents while their surrogate mo thers achieve satisfaction due to their contribution to fulfill altruistic concerns of the desperate infertile women.   The commissioning couple opts to surrogacy in a bid to maintain their marriage (Pence Gregory, 146).Ethical Issues: Opponents viewsWhile the interests of the commissioning mothers the outright delivery of the child, the interests required by the surrogate mothers and the rights the child should enjoy remains at a balance.   The rights of the child would be in danger in a situation where either the surrogate or the commissioning mother bleaches the contract.   Multiple births can also occur against the expectations of the commissioning couples.   Miscarriages and delivery of a disabled child are possibilities. The child is not allowed to exercise own rights in the process (Pence Gregory, 147).Compensation issues also posses ethical questions. Surrogacy overrides the rights of the child and any future circumstances may be detrimental to the child.   Due t o the compensation of the surrogate mothers, the concept of child trading arises which is unethical.   The woman also rents her body part while the donated sperms are harvested through masturbation and cryopreservation thus further raising more ethical concerns   Ã‚  The extra embryos of IVF are either â€Å"disposed, unthawed, donated to other   infertile couples or used for genetic research† (Perloe, Mark, Christie,84),   further raising ethical concerns and justifications of surrogacy.   Ã‚  The unthawing and degeneration of the embryos is a matter of yet more ethical concern.   Ã‚  The use of excess embryo for scientific research raises another concern of ethical controversy, i.e. genetic cloning (Perloe, Mark, Christie, 84).Any conflict between the surrogate mother and the social parents of the child may lead to the temptations of the surrogate mother to abort.   The consequences of this act have detrimental effect on both parties as well as violation of the child’s right and an offence to the state.   In a case where the surrogate mother has other children, they are further subjected to a dilemma whereby, as they expect a sibling, their mother goes to hospital and mysteriously comes back home without a child, contrary to their expectations.The entire process is synonymous to a monetary exchange of gestational services facilitated by overseeing clinic which is no less than prostitution.   The surrogate mother rents temporally one of her parts of the body.   The contract also empowers the commissioning father to overrule through rights of the surrogate mother to the child (Perloe, Mark, Christie, 84)Legal IssuesTrade in human is against the basic rights of human beings and thus illegal.   Natural bonds between the mother and the child are developed during gestation which is the right of the child.   These rights are denied the child since surrogacy requires separation of the child from the biological mother.   The rights of the father are upheld at the expense of the rights of the mother.Commercialization of surrogacyA sense of exploitation of the surrogate mother is brought up by the issue of compensation.   The expected annual income of most surrogate mothers is ‘$ 25,000’ (O’Neill, 196)     Ã‚  while surrogacy compensations are up to ‘$10,000’ (O’Neill, 196)     thus highly cherished.   This figure project an hourly rate of ‘$1.33’ O’Neill, 193) which is to the lower extreme considering the responsibilities involved.â€Å"The combination of desperate infertile couples, low income surrogate mothers and surrogacy â€Å"brokers† with varying degrees of moral scruples raises the prospects that the entire commercial enterprise can be exploitative† (O Neil 194)A future legal surrogacy is projected involving poor women especially from developing countries acting in surrogate homes that resemble brothels.   Th is jeopardizes the child’s, egg or uterus rights and their involvement in immoral and unethical trade which degrades the women to the level of prostitution (O’Neill, 196).Survey: A survey conducted involved attitudes, feelings and the morale inherent in the surrogate mother to relinquish the rights of the child to the commissioning couples.   The results led to rejection of one group and acceptance of another based on the following attitudes.The Rejected group lacked energy resources and time to commit for surrogacy.   Gestation for somebody’s interest was uncomfortable and if it had to occur, compensation is the factor behind motivation.   Handling over the child was associated with reluctance and incase this occurred, future feelings of loss were recorded with the women interviewed.   The women who suffered past divorce, uncertain about their social economic identity or mourning a deceased were also disqualified for surrogacy.   Those with negative t rust and honest and suffering from depression instability and immaturity were also disqualified (Tilton, Nan and Todd, Moore Gaylen,73).The Accepted Group expressed the reverse of above qualities. Their qualification for surrogacy was in addition to a proven feeling of personal gains from surrogacy and appreciable emotional encounter.   The ability to accommodate frustrating episodes and ability to tolerate the demands required by the process was also taken as a factor for acceptable potential surrogate mothers.Those whose past pregnancies were successful with physical and emotional joy and consequent healthy relationship between them and children qualified for choice.   Those who proved to have homes that can offer sufficient support during gestation also qualified for surrogacy (Tilton, Nan and Todd, Moore Gaylen, 74).Legalizing surrogate motherhoodSurrogacy is by far a good way to be used by couples unable to have children as compared to adoption.   The child is more gene tically related to the parents making the parents to be legitimate to the child.   To legalize surrogacy, the ethical, commercial and legal issues related to the issue needs to be addressed.   This can be achieved through altruistic surrogacy with the issue of compensation arising only to cater for medical and social well being of the surrogate mother.   The Legalization of surrogacy would be healthy where the surrogate mothers are blood relatives of the commissioning couples which has less commercial sense.   In case of sperm donations the donor should be a relative to the commissioning father to maintain high genetic fatherhood (Markens, 197).The use of IVF remains of ethical concern since there will always be excess embryos after implantation.   Though they need to be maintained to be used incase of failure in implantation, the overall excess embryos raises challenges as to their destiny; disposal, unthawing and degeneration, donation or use in scientific research (Mark ens, 197).ConclusionFamily life includes the rearing of children for many people and to those who cannot bear children, surrogate motherhood is the only legitimate option at their disposal.   The legalization of surrogacy requires the positive addressed through solution of moral ethical issues related to surrogate mothers such as heartlessness to the child and the rejection of the surrogate mothers which can be overcome by making surrogate motherhood a family affair. Surrogate motherhood Essay Example Surrogate motherhood Essay Surrogate motherhood is a practice that has been used for a long time but has been evolving in lieu of the technological advancement that has recently been witnessed. Definition of a surrogate mother is one who carries a child through gestation on behalf of another woman. The reasons why this happens are varied and hence elicit different responses. Traditionally, surrogacy involved a man donating his sperm to a woman other than his wife in order for her to give birth to a child adopted by the childless couple. However, with time the term surrogate motherhood has evolved to involve many other practices (Franklin S. Dec.2006). The question is, does surrogate motherhood help the society or harm? As stated above, surrogate motherhood has been around for a long time but only the traditional methods were used to get a child. With the advances made in science concerning reproduction, there has evolved other ways of getting children through surrogacy. It consists of either artificial insemination, embryo adoption and donation, gestational surrogacy or the use of the ovum from the natural mother (Maule L. S. Schmid K. 2006). Each of these is different and as such use different methods to bring about conception and consequently birth of a child. We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogate motherhood specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogate motherhood specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogate motherhood specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the early times, it would be used by childless couples but with the change in human sexuality it has come to include people who prefer to be homosexuals. They are now able to be parents of children who have their genes even if it is a family of two men or two women. Also with the rise of feminism, women who prefer not to get married are also using sperms from the sperm bank to get children. Initially one could only use the obvious method of sexual intercourse to get a woman pregnant but now there are sperm banks where men donate their sperms for commercial use. People in the world have different views concerning surrogate motherhood. Some are for it while others oppose it. Mostly it is for moral reasons that people oppose it but the legal aspect also sets in (McLachlan H. V. September 2008). Over time, there have been arguments for it in that it helps those who cannot be able to get a child of their own for different reasons. With the technology that is in place now, there are many ways to ensure that one gets a child and if they all fail then they can turn to surrogate motherhood. There are many people who view surrogacy as the ultimate gift from one woman to another. This is very common in New Zealand (Shaw R. 2008). When a woman cannot be able to get a child either due to lack of a womb or ovaries gets a gift from another one. This is seen as the greatest gift that one can give to another one. It is also viewed as a spiritual practice that enhances ones spirituality. In this way, a friend or relative can assist others get full satisfaction of having a family by providing them with the gift of life embodied in the child. There is opportunity for people to create kinship ties where there was no such hope. Kinship ties are very important to all individuals and hence to be greatly desired. Also, there seems to be a very special bond between grandparents and the children (Mander G. November 2007). When the children are unable to get children, the grandparents may be greatly affected and thus this comes as a solution. It is an opportunity for them to get a child who is genetically related to them instead of adopting a child who is not directly related to them (Hargreaves K. 2006). This is usually done through donor insemination and the resulting child is accepted by the entire family and thus a member.